Questions & Answers

Australian citizenship test questions and answers

A quick reference to every practice question and its correct answer, grouped by the five chapters of Our Common Bond. Read a topic’s study guide to learn it, or take a full Australian citizenship practice test to check yourself.

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Jump to:1People 2Democratic Beliefs 3Government 4Values 5Rights

1. Australia and Its People

Study guide

What is the capital city of Australia?: Correct answer: Canberra; Canberra is Australia's capital city. It is located in the Australian Capital Territory, between Sydney and Melbourne, and is home to Parliament House and the High Court.
Who are Australia's first inhabitants?: Correct answer: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples; Australia's first inhabitants are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who have the oldest continuous cultures and traditions in the world.
Where are Torres Strait Islander peoples from?: Correct answer: The islands between the northern tip of Queensland and Papua New Guinea; Torres Strait Islander people are from the islands between the northern tip of Queensland and Papua New Guinea. Aboriginal people are from mainland Australia and Tasmania.
What is Australia's national flower?: Correct answer: The golden wattle; Australia's national flower (floral emblem) is the golden wattle. Its green and gold flowers give Australia its national colours.
What are Australia's national colours?: Correct answer: Green and gold; Australia's national colours are green and gold — the colours of the golden wattle. The uniforms of our national sports teams are usually green and gold.
What is Australia's national gemstone?: Correct answer: The opal; The opal is Australia's national gemstone. According to an Aboriginal legend, a rainbow touched the earth and created the colours of the opal.
On what date is Australia Day celebrated each year?: Correct answer: 26 January; Australia Day is celebrated on 26 January each year. It is a public holiday in every state and territory and is the biggest annual public holiday in Australia.
What anniversary does Australia Day mark?: Correct answer: The arrival of the First Fleet from Great Britain in 1788; Australia Day marks the anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet from Great Britain at Sydney Cove in 1788.
On what date is Anzac Day commemorated?: Correct answer: 25 April; Anzac Day is commemorated on 25 April each year. It is named after the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which landed at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915.
What do Australians remember on Anzac Day?: Correct answer: All Australians who served and died in wars, conflicts and peacekeeping operations; Anzac Day is a solemn day when we remember the sacrifice of all Australians who served and died in wars, conflicts and peacekeeping operations.
Who was the first Governor of the colony of New South Wales?: Correct answer: Captain Arthur Phillip; Captain Arthur Phillip was the first Governor of the colony of New South Wales. He led the First Fleet, which landed at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788.
When did European settlement of Australia begin?: Correct answer: 1788; European settlement began in 1788, when the First Fleet of 11 convict ships arrived from Great Britain at Sydney Cove on 26 January.
How many states and mainland territories does Australia have?: Correct answer: Six states and two mainland territories; The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of six states and two mainland territories. Each state and mainland territory has its own capital city.
Which is the largest state in Australia?: Correct answer: Western Australia; Western Australia is the largest state. Perth is its capital city, and the state is home to many large mining projects.
Which is the smallest state in Australia?: Correct answer: Tasmania; Tasmania is the smallest state. It is separated from the mainland by the Bass Strait, and its capital city is Hobart.
What is the capital city of New South Wales, and the nation's largest city?: Correct answer: Sydney; Sydney is the capital city of New South Wales and the nation's largest city. The Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House are national icons.
What is the capital city of Victoria?: Correct answer: Melbourne; Melbourne is the capital city of Victoria. Victoria's icons include the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the 12 Apostles and the Royal Exhibition Building.
Along which state's eastern coast does the Great Barrier Reef run?: Correct answer: Queensland; The world-famous Great Barrier Reef runs along the eastern coast of Queensland. Queensland's capital city is Brisbane.
What is the capital city of the Northern Territory?: Correct answer: Darwin; Darwin is the capital city of the Northern Territory. Northern Territory icons include Uluru, Kata Tjuta and Kings Canyon.
What is the name of Australia's national anthem?: Correct answer: Advance Australia Fair; 'Advance Australia Fair' is Australia's national anthem. It is sung on occasions of national importance, including at Australian citizenship ceremonies.
What does the Union Jack on the Australian National Flag represent?: Correct answer: Our history of British settlement and the laws and institutions we inherited; The Union Jack in the top left corner of the flag represents Australia's history of British settlement and the laws and institutions we inherited as a result.
How many points does the Commonwealth Star on the Australian National Flag have?: Correct answer: Seven; The Commonwealth Star has seven points — one for each of the six states and one point for the territories. It sits under the Union Jack.
What does the yellow circle on the Australian Aboriginal Flag represent?: Correct answer: The sun; On the Australian Aboriginal Flag, the yellow circle represents the sun. The black represents the Aboriginal peoples and the red represents the earth.
Which two native animals support the shield on the Commonwealth Coat of Arms?: Correct answer: A kangaroo and an emu; A kangaroo and an emu support the shield on each side of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Both are native Australian animals.
What is Australia's national language?: Correct answer: English; Australia's national language is English. It is part of our national identity, and migrants are encouraged to learn and use English to participate in society.
Who performs a Welcome to Country?: Correct answer: An Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander custodian of the local region; A Welcome to Country is a cultural practice performed by an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander custodian of the local region, welcoming visitors to their traditional land.
According to the archaeological record, how long ago did Aboriginal peoples arrive in Australia?: Correct answer: Between 65,000 and 40,000 years ago; The archaeological record indicates that Aboriginal peoples arrived in Australia between 65,000 and 40,000 years ago, giving them the oldest continuous cultures and traditions in the world.
Approximately what proportion of the Australian population are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?: Correct answer: About three per cent; The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia make up approximately three per cent of the Australian population.
Besides English, roughly how many distinct Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are valued in Australia?: Correct answer: More than one hundred; Other languages are also valued in Australia, including more than 100 distinct Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages.
How many convict ships made up the 'First Fleet' that arrived in 1788?: Correct answer: Eleven; European settlement started when the first 11 convict ships, which became known as the 'First Fleet', arrived from Great Britain on 26 January 1788.
In which year did a 'gold rush' begin in the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria?: Correct answer: 1851; In 1851, a 'gold rush' began when gold was discovered in the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. In 10 years, Australia's population more than doubled.
During the gold rush, which people were the first large group of migrants not from Europe?: Correct answer: Chinese people; People came from all around the world during the gold rush. Chinese people arriving at this time were the first large group of migrants not from Europe.
About how large was Australia's population in 1901, when the colonies federated?: Correct answer: About four million; In 1901, Australia's population was about four million. This number did not include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who were not counted in official estimates until after the 1967 Referendum.
What change did the 1967 Referendum bring about?: Correct answer: It allowed Aboriginal peoples to be counted in the Census; In the 1967 Referendum, more than 90 per cent of Australians voted 'Yes' to allow Aboriginal peoples to be counted in the Census and included in official estimates of the population.
Which state is separated from the Australian mainland by the Bass Strait?: Correct answer: Tasmania; Tasmania is the smallest state, separated from the mainland by the Bass Strait. Its capital city is Hobart and much of the island has unspoilt wilderness landscapes.
Which was the first colony established by the British in Australia?: Correct answer: New South Wales; New South Wales was the first colony established by the British. Sydney is its capital city and the nation's largest city.
In which territory are the icons Uluru, Kata Tjuta and Kings Canyon located?: Correct answer: Northern Territory; The Northern Territory has a tropical environment in the north and dry red desert in the south. Its capital is Darwin, and its icons include Uluru, Kata Tjuta and Kings Canyon.
Which two structures are described as national icons of Sydney?: Correct answer: The Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Opera House; Sydney is the capital city of New South Wales and the nation's largest city. The Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House are national icons.
What are the colours of the Australian Aboriginal Flag?: Correct answer: Black, red and yellow; The Australian Aboriginal Flag is black, red and yellow. The top half is black, the bottom half is red, and a yellow circle sits in the centre.
On the Australian Aboriginal Flag, what does the black top half represent?: Correct answer: The Aboriginal peoples of Australia; On the Australian Aboriginal Flag, the top half is black and represents the Aboriginal peoples of Australia.
On the Australian Aboriginal Flag, what does the red bottom half represent?: Correct answer: The earth, which has ceremonial significance; On the Australian Aboriginal Flag, the bottom half is red and represents the earth, which has ceremonial significance. The yellow circle represents the sun.
What are the colours of the Torres Strait Islander Flag?: Correct answer: Green, blue, black and white; The Torres Strait Islander Flag is green, blue, black and white. The green stripes represent the land, the blue panel the sea, and the black lines the Torres Strait Islander people.
On the Torres Strait Islander Flag, what do the points of the white star represent?: Correct answer: The island groups in the Torres Strait; On the Torres Strait Islander Flag, the points of the white star represent the island groups in the Torres Strait, and the colour white symbolises peace.
What forms the background of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms?: Correct answer: The golden wattle, Australia's national flower; On the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, the background is the golden wattle, Australia's national flower. A kangaroo and an emu support the shield, with a gold Commonwealth Star above it.
What does the shield in the centre of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms represent?: Correct answer: The six states and federation; The Commonwealth Coat of Arms is the official symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia and represents our national unity. The shield in the centre represents the six states and federation.
On what occasions is 'Advance Australia Fair' sung?: Correct answer: On occasions of national importance, including citizenship ceremonies and major sporting events; 'Advance Australia Fair' is Australia's national anthem. It is sung on occasions of national importance, including at Australian citizenship ceremonies and major sporting events.
Who can deliver an Acknowledgement of Country?: Correct answer: Anyone; Anyone can deliver an Acknowledgement of Country. It recognises that a gathering is on Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander land. A Welcome to Country, by contrast, is performed by a Traditional Custodian of the local region.
What is the Southern Cross, shown on the Australian National Flag?: Correct answer: A group of stars that can be seen in the southern sky; The Southern Cross, on the right of the Australian National Flag, is a group of stars that can be seen in the southern sky. The Union Jack is in the top left corner and the seven-pointed Commonwealth Star sits beneath it.
During Australia Day celebrations, who announces the Australian of the Year Awards?: Correct answer: The Prime Minister; During Australia Day celebrations, the Prime Minister announces the Australian of the Year Awards in Canberra.
Where did the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps land on 25 April 1915?: Correct answer: Gallipoli, in Türkiye; Anzac Day is named after the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which landed at Gallipoli in Türkiye during World War I on 25 April 1915.
Where does Australia's national flower, the golden wattle, grow mainly?: Correct answer: In south-eastern Australia; Australia's national flower is the golden wattle, a small tree that grows mainly in south-eastern Australia. It has bright green leaves and golden yellow flowers in spring.
According to Aboriginal legend, how were the colours of the opal created?: Correct answer: A rainbow touched the earth; The opal is Australia's national gemstone. According to Aboriginal legend, a rainbow touched the earth and created the colours of the opal.

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2. Australia's Democratic Beliefs

Study guide

What kind of system of government does Australia have?: Correct answer: A parliamentary democracy; Australia's system of government is a parliamentary democracy. The power of the government comes from the people, who vote for representatives in parliament.
In Australia's parliamentary democracy, where does the power of the government come from?: Correct answer: From the Australian people, who vote for their representatives; The power of the government comes from the Australian people, because citizens vote for people to represent them in parliament. Representatives must answer to the people through elections.
What does 'the Rule of Law' mean in Australia?: Correct answer: No person, group or religious rule is above the law, and everyone must obey it; Under the Rule of Law, all Australians are equal under the law and no person, group or religious rule is above it. Everyone, including those in power, must obey Australia's laws.
What is freedom of speech in Australia?: Correct answer: People can say and write what they think and discuss their ideas with others, within the law; Freedom of speech means people can say and write what they think and discuss their ideas with others — including criticising the government — so long as they obey Australian laws.
What is freedom of expression in Australia?: Correct answer: People can express their views, including through art, film, music and literature; Freedom of expression means people can express their views, including through art, film, music and literature, and are free to meet for social or political discussion — within the law.
What is freedom of association?: Correct answer: The right to form and join associations, and to decide not to join; Freedom of association is the right to form and join legal associations such as a political party, trade union or social group. People can also decide not to join and cannot be forced to.
Does Australia have an official national religion?: Correct answer: No — Australia has no official national religion and government is secular; Australia has no official national religion. The government is secular, meaning it operates separately from religious bodies, and people are free to follow any religion, or none.
If a religious practice conflicts with Australian law, which prevails?: Correct answer: Australian law prevails; Where there is a conflict between an Australian law and a religious practice, Australian law prevails. Everyone in Australia must obey Australian law.
According to Australia's democratic beliefs, how should change to a person's mind or to the law occur?: Correct answer: Through discussion, peaceful persuasion and the democratic process; Australians believe change should occur through discussion, peaceful persuasion and the democratic process. We reject violence as a way to change a person's mind or the law.
How are people from different backgrounds expected to be treated under Australia's democratic system?: Correct answer: With dignity and respect, regardless of their background; Australia's democratic system is based on every individual having rights and equality under the law. All Australians are expected to treat each other with dignity and respect, regardless of background.
What are the rights of men and women in Australia?: Correct answer: Men and women have equal rights; Men and women have equal rights in Australia. It is against the law to discriminate against a person because of their gender.
What does the Australian idea of a 'fair go' mean?: Correct answer: What you achieve should be a result of your talents, work and effort, not your wealth or background; A 'fair go' means equal opportunity — what someone achieves in life should result from their talents, work and effort, rather than their wealth or background. There are no formal class distinctions.
When Australians gather to protest, what does the law require?: Correct answer: Protests must be peaceful and must not injure any person or damage property; Australians can gather to protest against a government action or organisation, but the laws of Australia must be obeyed. Such gatherings must be peaceful and must not injure any person or damage property.
Can a person in Australia be forced to join an organisation?: Correct answer: No — people are free to join or not join, and cannot be forced; Freedom of association means people are free to join any legal organisation, and equally free not to join. People cannot be forced into joining an organisation.
Can Australians criticise the government?: Correct answer: Yes — people can criticise the government and campaign to change laws, within the law; Under freedom of speech, people can criticise the government, protest peacefully against its decisions and campaign to change laws — so long as they obey Australian laws.
Which value is described as underpinning Australia's democratic system?: Correct answer: Freedom of speech; Freedom of speech is a core Australian value and underpins our democratic system, allowing people to discuss ideas and hold the government to account within the law.
Do newspapers, television and radio outlets share the same freedom of speech as individuals?: Correct answer: Yes, media outlets have the same freedom of speech, within the law; Newspapers, television and radio outlets have the same freedom as individuals to say and write what they think — provided they act within the law.
Is it acceptable to promote violence against a person or group because of their culture, religion or background?: Correct answer: No — it is never acceptable and is against Australian values and the law; It is never acceptable to promote violence against another person or group because of their culture, ethnicity, religion or background. It is against Australian values and against the law.
Are people in Australia free to meet for social or political discussion?: Correct answer: Yes, people are free to meet in public or private places for discussion; Freedom of expression means people are free to meet in public or private places for social or political discussion, as long as the laws of Australia are obeyed.
What is true about the law's treatment of citizens of different religions?: Correct answer: The government and the law treat all citizens equally, whatever their religion or beliefs; The government and the law treat all citizens equally, whatever their religion or beliefs. People are free to follow any religion they choose, or to follow none.
Australia's democratic system is based on the principle that every individual has what, regardless of their background?: Correct answer: Rights and equality under Australian law; Australia's democratic system is based on the principle that every individual, regardless of their background, has rights and equality under Australian law.
How do Australians believe disagreements with a government decision should be expressed?: Correct answer: Through peaceful means such as discussion, voting and lawful protest; Australians believe disagreements should be expressed peacefully — through discussion, peaceful persuasion, voting and lawful protest — never through violence.
Reflecting Australia's Judaeo-Christian heritage, on which religious days does Australia have public holidays?: Correct answer: On Christian days such as Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Christmas Day; Australia has a Judaeo-Christian heritage and public holidays on Christian days such as Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Christmas Day. However, the government and the law treat all citizens equally, whatever their religion or beliefs.
Are people in Australia free to choose not to follow any religion?: Correct answer: Yes — people are free to follow any religion they choose, or none at all; People in Australia are free to follow any religion they choose, and they may also choose not to follow a religion. The government is secular and Australia has no official national religion.
Through which of the following can people express their views under freedom of expression?: Correct answer: Through art, film, music and literature; Freedom of expression means people can express their views, including through art, film, music and literature, and are free to meet in public or private places for social or political discussion — provided they obey Australian law.
Equality of opportunity, or a 'fair go', is intended to ensure that Australian society has no what?: Correct answer: No formal class distinctions; Australians value equal opportunity — a 'fair go'. What someone achieves should result from their talents, work and effort rather than their wealth or background, ensuring there are no formal class distinctions in Australian society.
In Australia's parliamentary democracy, to whom must the representatives in parliament answer for their decisions?: Correct answer: To the people, through elections; The power of the government comes from the Australian people, because citizens vote for people to represent them. The representatives must answer to the people, through elections, for the decisions they make.
Under freedom of association, which kinds of legal organisations are people free to join?: Correct answer: Any legal organisation, such as a political party, trade union, religious, cultural or social group; Freedom of association is the right to form and join associations to pursue common goals. People are free to join any legal organisation, such as a political party, trade union, religious, cultural or social group — and they can also decide not to join.
Even while exercising freedom of speech and freedom of expression, what must always be obeyed?: Correct answer: The laws of Australia; At all times, even while engaging in freedom of speech and freedom of expression, the laws of Australia must be obeyed. We must also respect other people's freedom of speech and expression.
All Australians are expected to treat each other with dignity and respect regardless of which of the following?: Correct answer: Their race, country of origin, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, age, disability, heritage, culture, politics, wealth or religion; All Australians are expected to treat each other with dignity and respect, regardless of their race, country of origin, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, age, disability, heritage, culture, politics, wealth or religion.
Does the Rule of Law apply to people who hold positions of power, such as politicians and the police?: Correct answer: Yes — no person, group or religious rule is above the law; The Rule of Law means that no person, group or religious rule is above the law. Everyone — including government, community and religious leaders, business people and the police — must obey Australia's laws.
While exercising your own freedom of speech, what must you also do?: Correct answer: Respect other people's freedom of speech and expression; Freedom of speech lets people say and write what they think, but we must also respect other people's freedom of speech and freedom of expression, and at all times obey Australian law.

Read the Democratic Beliefs study guide →Practise Democratic Beliefs →

3. Government and the Law

Study guide

How many levels of government are there in Australia?: Correct answer: Three; There are three levels of government in Australia: federal (the Australian Government), state and territory governments, and local government (councils). Each generally provides different services.
What are the two houses of the Australian Parliament?: Correct answer: The House of Representatives and the Senate; The Australian Parliament has two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both consider, debate and vote on proposals for new laws.
Who is Australia's Head of State?: Correct answer: The King of Australia, His Majesty King Charles III; Australia's Head of State is the King of Australia, His Majesty King Charles III. The King appoints the Governor-General as his representative in Australia.
Who represents the King of Australia in Australia?: Correct answer: The Governor-General; The Governor-General is the King's representative in Australia. The Governor-General acts independently of all political parties and must remain neutral.
Who appoints the Governor-General?: Correct answer: The King of Australia, on the advice of the Prime Minister; The King of Australia appoints the Governor-General as his representative, on the advice of the Australian Prime Minister.
Who is the leader of the Australian Government?: Correct answer: The Prime Minister; The leader of the Australian Government is the Prime Minister — the leader of the party or coalition with the majority of members in the House of Representatives.
What is the leader of a state government called?: Correct answer: The Premier; The leader of a state government is the Premier. The leader of a territory government is the Chief Minister.
What is the leader of a local council usually called?: Correct answer: The Mayor or Shire President; The leader of a local government is the Mayor or Shire President. Elected members of a local council are called councillors.
How many senators are there in the Australian Senate?: Correct answer: 76; There is a total of 76 senators. Each state elects 12 senators, and the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory elect two senators each.
On what date did the Australian colonies unite to form the Commonwealth of Australia?: Correct answer: 1 January 1901; On 1 January 1901, the six separate colonies were united into a federation of states called the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution came into effect.
What is the Australian Constitution?: Correct answer: The legal document that sets out the basic rules for the government of Australia; The Australian Constitution is the legal document that sets out the basic rules for the government of Australia. It came into effect on 1 January 1901.
How can the Australian Constitution be changed?: Correct answer: By the people voting in a referendum; The Australian people can change the Constitution by voting in a referendum. A 'double majority' is required for the change to succeed.
What is a 'double majority' in a referendum?: Correct answer: A majority of voters across the nation, and a majority of voters in a majority of states; A double majority means both a majority of voters across the nation and a majority of voters in a majority of states (at least four of the six) must vote for the change.
Which court has the ultimate power to interpret and apply the laws of Australia?: Correct answer: The High Court of Australia; The High Court of Australia has the ultimate power to apply and interpret the laws of Australia. It was established by the Constitution.
Into which three powers does the Australian Constitution divide the power of government?: Correct answer: Legislative, executive and judicial; The Constitution divides the power of government between the legislative (Parliament), executive (such as the Prime Minister and Cabinet) and judicial (judges) powers, so that no single person or group holds all the power.
What is legislative power?: Correct answer: The power to make and change laws; Legislative power is the power to make and change laws. Parliament, made up of representatives elected by the people, holds legislative power.
Who holds executive power — the power to put the laws into practice?: Correct answer: The Prime Minister, government ministers and the Governor-General; Executive power is the power to put laws into practice. The Executive includes the Prime Minister, Australian government ministers and the Governor-General. Ministers are responsible for government departments.
Who holds judicial power in Australia?: Correct answer: Judges, who are independent of parliament and government; Judicial power is the power to interpret and apply the law. Judges hold this power, and the courts and judges are independent of parliament and government.
Which independent agency is responsible for conducting federal elections?: Correct answer: The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC); The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) is the independent Commonwealth agency responsible for conducting federal elections and referendums and maintaining the electoral roll. Political parties and government cannot influence it.
Is voting compulsory in Australian federal elections?: Correct answer: Yes, for Australian citizens aged 18 years or over; Voting is compulsory for Australian citizens aged 18 years or over in federal and state or territory elections, and in referendums. Those who do not vote without a good reason may have to pay a fine.
How do Australians vote in an election?: Correct answer: By secret ballot; Voting in an Australian election is by secret ballot, so you are free and safe to vote for any candidate. No one is allowed to know whom you voted for unless you choose to tell them.
How is the Australian Government formed after a federal election?: Correct answer: The party or coalition with the majority of members in the House of Representatives forms government; After a federal election, the government is generally formed by the party or coalition of parties with the majority of members in the House of Representatives. Its leader becomes the Prime Minister.
What is the Opposition?: Correct answer: The party or coalition with the second largest number of members in the House of Representatives; The party or coalition with the second largest number of members in the House of Representatives forms the Opposition. Its leader is called the Leader of the Opposition.
What is the Cabinet?: Correct answer: The group of ministers with the most important portfolios, the key decision-making body of government; Ministers with the most important portfolios make up the Cabinet, which is the key decision-making body of government.
What is the final step before a Bill agreed to by both houses of Parliament becomes law?: Correct answer: The Governor-General gives Royal Assent by signing it; If the majority of members in each house agree to a Bill, it goes to the Governor-General, who signs it so that it becomes law. This is called Royal Assent.
Which of these is a responsibility of the Australian (federal) Government?: Correct answer: Defence, immigration and citizenship, and foreign affairs; The Australian Government is responsible for national matters such as defence, immigration and citizenship, foreign affairs, taxation, trade and social security.
Which of these is primarily a responsibility of state and territory governments?: Correct answer: Hospitals, schools and public transport; State and territory governments are primarily responsible for services such as hospitals and health, schools, police, roads and railways, and public transport.
Which of these is a responsibility of local government (councils)?: Correct answer: Rubbish collection, local roads, parks and building permits; Local governments are responsible for community services such as rubbish collection, local roads and footpaths, parks and playgrounds, libraries and building permits.
Before 1901, how many self-governing British colonies made up Australia?: Correct answer: Six; After British settlement and before 1901, Australia was made up of six separate, self-governing British colonies. On 1 January 1901 they united into a federation called the Commonwealth of Australia.
Australia is a constitutional monarchy. What does this mean?: Correct answer: The King is Head of State but must act in accordance with the Constitution; Australia is a constitutional monarchy, which means the King is Australia's Head of State but must act in accordance with the Constitution. As the King does not live in Australia, his powers are delegated to the Governor-General.
Which of these is a role of the Governor-General?: Correct answer: Acting as Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force; The Governor-General's roles include giving Royal Assent to Bills, performing ceremonial duties, approving appointments, starting the process for a federal election, and acting as Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force. The Governor-General must remain neutral.
Overall, about how many members are elected to the House of Representatives?: Correct answer: Over 150; Australia is divided into federal electorates, each represented by a Member of Parliament. Overall, there are over 150 members elected to the House of Representatives, with the number per state and territory based on population.
How many senators does each state elect to the Senate?: Correct answer: Twelve; There is a total of 76 senators. All states are equally represented regardless of size or population: each state elects 12 senators, and the Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory elect two senators each.
How is the number of House of Representatives members for each state and territory decided?: Correct answer: It is based on the number of people in that state or territory; Australia is divided into federal electorates, and Members of Parliament represent the people in their electorate. The number of MPs for each state and territory is based on the number of people living there. (By contrast, every state elects 12 senators and each territory two, regardless of population.)
What are the other names for the House of Representatives?: Correct answer: The Lower House or the People's House; The House of Representatives is also called the Lower House or the People's House. Members of Parliament represent the people in their electorate.
What are the other names for the Senate?: Correct answer: The Upper House, the House of Review or the States' House; The Senate is sometimes called the Upper House, the House of Review or the States' House. Voters from each state elect senators, and all states are equally represented.
What is the leader of a territory government called?: Correct answer: The Chief Minister; The leader of a state government is the Premier, while the leader of a territory government is the Chief Minister.
In each Australian state, who represents the King of Australia?: Correct answer: A Governor; In each of the states there is a Governor who represents the King in a role similar to that of the Governor-General at the federal level.
In the Northern Territory, who is appointed by the Governor-General to a role similar to a state Governor?: Correct answer: An Administrator; In the Northern Territory, an Administrator is appointed by the Governor-General. The role and responsibilities of the Administrator are similar to those of a state Governor.
What is one difference between states and territories under the Australian Constitution?: Correct answer: States have rights recognised by the Constitution, while self-governing territory laws can be altered or revoked by the Australian Government; States have rights recognised by the Constitution while territories do not. States can pass laws in their own right, whereas self-governing territory laws can be altered or revoked by the Australian Government at any time.
Which of these are the main political parties in Australia?: Correct answer: The Liberal Party of Australia, the Australian Labor Party, the Nationals and the Australian Greens; A political party is a group of people who share similar ideas about how a country should be governed. The main political parties in Australia are the Liberal Party of Australia, the Australian Labor Party, the Nationals and the Australian Greens.
What is a parliamentarian who does not belong to any political party called?: Correct answer: An independent; Most parliamentarians belong to political parties. Some do not belong to any political party, and they are called 'independents'.
When a member of parliament proposes to introduce a new law or change an existing one, what is the proposal called?: Correct answer: A Bill; If a member of the Australian Parliament proposes to introduce a new law or change an existing one, this proposal is called a 'Bill'. Both Houses consider, debate and vote on it before it can become law.
In Australia's court system, how is a person regarded until they are found guilty?: Correct answer: Innocent until they are found guilty in a court; In Australia's court system, people are considered innocent until they are found guilty in a court. Every person also has the right to be represented by a lawyer in court.
In a criminal trial, if a jury finds a person guilty, who decides the penalty?: Correct answer: The judge; The role of a jury is to decide whether a person is innocent or guilty. The judge explains the law to the jury, and in a criminal trial, if the jury finds a person guilty, the judge decides the penalty.
How is a jury chosen in Australia?: Correct answer: It is a group of ordinary Australian citizens randomly chosen from the general population; A jury is a group of ordinary Australian citizens randomly chosen from the general population. Australian citizens on the electoral roll can be called to serve, which helps ensure the court system is open and fair.
Which national police force investigates crimes against federal laws, such as drug trafficking and crimes against national security?: Correct answer: The Australian Federal Police (AFP); Australia has a national police force called the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The AFP investigates crimes against federal laws and is also responsible for general police work in the Australian Capital Territory.
Are Australia's courts independent of the government?: Correct answer: Yes — the courts are independent, and a court decides on the evidence before it; The courts in Australia are independent. A court decides whether a person has broken the law, based only on the evidence before it. The government cannot remove judges and magistrates from their jobs if it disagrees with their decisions.
What does Australian law say about offering a bribe to a police officer?: Correct answer: It is a serious crime even to offer a bribe; In Australia, it is a serious crime to bribe the police. It is a crime to even offer a bribe to a police officer.
What must you have in order to legally drive a car in Australia?: Correct answer: A local driver's licence, and the car must be registered; To drive a car in Australia, you must have a local driver's licence and the car must be registered. Road and traffic rules are controlled by state and territory governments.
What does it mean that 'not knowing the law is no excuse'?: Correct answer: You can be charged even if you broke a law you did not know about; It is important to be familiar with Australia's laws. If you break a law that you did not know about, you could still be charged, because not knowing the law is no excuse.
By what other names is the Australian Government also known?: Correct answer: The Federal Government or the Commonwealth Government; The Australian Government is also called the Federal Government or the Commonwealth Government. It is made up of members of the Australian Parliament, which has two Houses.
Which of the following is illegal while driving in Australia?: Correct answer: Using a hand-held mobile device, or driving after taking drugs or above the blood alcohol limit; Traffic laws in Australia are very strict. It is illegal to drive after taking drugs or above the blood alcohol limit, and it is against the law to use a hand-held mobile device while driving. Everyone in a car must wear a seatbelt.
What are the Governor-General's 'reserve powers'?: Correct answer: Special powers that can only be used in specific circumstances; Besides duties such as giving Royal Assent and acting as Commander-in-Chief, the Governor-General also has special powers known as 'reserve powers' that can only be used in specific circumstances.

Read the Government study guide →Practise Government →

4. Australian Values

Study guide

On which principles are Australian values based?: Correct answer: Freedom, respect, fairness and equality of opportunity; Australian values are based on freedom, respect, fairness and equality of opportunity. They are central to our community remaining a secure, prosperous and peaceful place to live.
What does a commitment to the Rule of Law mean for everyone in Australia?: Correct answer: All Australians are equal before the law and no person or group is above it; Under the Rule of Law, all Australians are equal in relation to the law and no person or group is above the law. You should follow the law even if no one is watching.
What are the rights of men and women under Australian values?: Correct answer: Men and women have equal rights; Men and women have equal rights in Australia. Both have equal access to education and employment, can vote, stand for parliament, and are treated equally in courts of law.
What does freedom of religion mean as an Australian value?: Correct answer: People are free to follow any religion, or none, but must obey Australian law; Australia has no official national religion and people are free to follow any religion they choose, or none. However, religious practices must not break Australian laws.
Under Australian values, who is protected equally by the law regardless of gender, race, religion, age, disability or sexual orientation?: Correct answer: All people in Australia; Australian society values the equal rights of all people, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, race, or national or ethnic origin. A number of laws protect people from being treated differently.
What does equality of opportunity, or a 'fair go', mean?: Correct answer: Everyone is given an equal opportunity to achieve success, not limited by class distinction; A 'fair go' means everyone, regardless of their background, is given an equal opportunity to achieve success in life, and people should not be limited by any kind of class distinction. What you achieve should result from your hard work and talents.
What does mutual respect and tolerance for others involve?: Correct answer: Listening to others and respecting their views, even when they differ from your own; Australia values mutual respect and tolerance. This means listening to others and respecting their views and opinions, even when they are different from your own, and respecting the freedom and dignity of others.
What is the Australian value regarding violence and intimidation?: Correct answer: Violence of any kind, including verbal and physical abuse, is never acceptable and is illegal; Australians believe in peaceful disagreement and the right to be safe and free from violence and intimidation. Violence of any kind, including verbal and physical abuse, is illegal.
Why does Australian society value the English language?: Correct answer: As the national language and an important unifying element of society; Australian society values the English language as the national language and an important unifying element of society. People living in Australia should make an effort to learn English.
What is the Australian value of 'mateship' and compassion for those in need?: Correct answer: Helping each other in times of need and looking out for one another; Australians value 'mateship' — we help each other in times of need, such as taking a meal to an elderly neighbour or visiting someone who is sick or lonely. Australia has a strong tradition of community service and volunteering.
What is true about parliamentary democracy as an Australian value?: Correct answer: Laws are determined by parliaments elected by the people, and voting is compulsory; Under parliamentary democracy, our laws are determined by parliaments elected by the people, so citizens are involved in how the country is governed. Voting is compulsory, showing the importance of participating in elections.
What legal status do religious laws have in Australia?: Correct answer: They have no legal status; Australian law must be followed by everyone; Religious laws have no legal status in Australia. Australian law must be followed by everyone, including where it is different from religious laws.
What is the Australian value regarding racism?: Correct answer: Racism has no place in Australia and is against our values and the law; Racism has no place in Australia. This includes creating or sharing racially offensive material, or making racially abusive comments in a public place or at a sporting event.
Under Australian law and values, who can marry each other?: Correct answer: Two people, including two men or two women; Under our laws, two people can marry each other, including marriage between two men or two women. Australian society values the equal rights of all people.
What does it mean that government in Australia is secular?: Correct answer: The government operates separately from religion and there is no official national religion; Government in Australia is secular, which means it operates separately from churches or other religious bodies. Australia has no official national religion, and people are free to follow any religion, or none.
What is the Australian value about physical violence against a spouse or partner?: Correct answer: It is never acceptable and is a criminal offence; Physical violence against a spouse or partner is never acceptable and is a criminal offence in Australia. Both men and women are protected by the law from intimidation or violence.
How should a person get a job, according to Australian values of equality of opportunity?: Correct answer: Based on their skills and experience, not their gender, wealth or ethnicity; A person should get a job based on their skills and experience, not because of their gender, wealth or ethnicity. The law supports selecting the person with the best skills and experience for the job.
What is the Australian value about peaceful protest?: Correct answer: Tolerance of peaceful public protest is an essential part of democracy; Australians are allowed to peacefully protest against the actions of the government, because tolerance of peaceful public protest is an essential part of democracy. Protests must remain peaceful and within the law.
Should you follow Australian law only when someone is watching?: Correct answer: No — you should follow the law even if no one is watching; Under the Rule of Law, everybody should obey the law and not break it at any time. You should follow the law even if no one is watching.
What is the Australian value of freedom of association?: Correct answer: People are free to join or leave any legal group voluntarily; In Australia, people are free to join or leave any group voluntarily as long as it is within the law. Individuals cannot be compelled to join an organisation or forced to leave it.
What is the Australian value of freedom of speech?: Correct answer: People can express their ideas freely, so long as it is within the law; People in Australia should be able to express their ideas freely, so long as it is within the law. They are free to say and write what they think and discuss their ideas with others.
Both men and women have the right to make their own independent choices about which personal matters?: Correct answer: Personal matters such as marriage and religion; Both men and women have the right to make their own independent choices about personal matters, such as marriage and religion, and are protected by the law from intimidation or violence.
What does Australia expect of everyone living in the country, as part of making a contribution?: Correct answer: To participate in society and try to support themselves and their families when able; Australians expect everyone living in Australia to participate in society and make a contribution to the community. Everyone has a responsibility to try to support themselves and their families when they are able to do so.
How does Australia expect people to treat the lawful actions of the police?: Correct answer: Support the lawful actions of the police and obey lawful requests; In Australia, the lawful actions of the police should be supported. You should obey a lawful request from the police, because all Australians commit to following the law.
To whom do Australian laws apply?: Correct answer: All people in Australia, regardless of their background or culture; Australian laws apply to all people in Australia. This means that regardless of your background or culture, you must follow Australian laws.
Which of these practices are against the law in Australia?: Correct answer: Polygamy (being married to more than one person at the same time) and forced marriage; Some religious or cultural practices, such as polygamy (being married to more than one person at the same time) and forced marriage, are against the law in Australia and can result in severe legal penalties, including imprisonment.
What does Australian law say about divorce?: Correct answer: Divorce is acceptable, and either a husband or a wife may apply, even if the other spouse wishes to continue the marriage; Divorce is acceptable in Australia. Either a husband or a wife may apply for a divorce to the courts, even if the other spouse wishes to continue the marriage.
What is the legal age of sexual consent in Australia?: Correct answer: 16 or 17, depending on the state or territory; Australia has very strict laws concerning the age of sexual consent, which is 16 or 17 depending on which state or territory you reside in. For example, a 20-year-old cannot have sexual relations with a 15-year-old, as that is against the law everywhere in Australia.
As part of loyalty to Australia, what shared obligation do Australians have?: Correct answer: Not to undermine Australia's interests and security — for example, not sharing official government secrets; Australian society is based on shared obligations not to undermine Australia's interests and security. For example, using social media to share official government secrets, or promoting distrust and fear of an ethnic community, would damage Australia's interests and community relations.
If you suspect a friend or neighbour may be planning to commit a serious crime, what should you do?: Correct answer: Report it to Australian government authorities as soon as possible; In Australia, we each have responsibilities to help protect Australian society. If people suspect a friend or neighbour may be planning a serious crime, they should report this to Australian government authorities as soon as possible.
If a person sees or has knowledge of a child being abused, what should they do?: Correct answer: Report it to the police to investigate; If a person in Australia sees or has knowledge of a child being abused, they should report this to the police to investigate.
What is Australia's stance on online abuse, sometimes called cyber abuse?: Correct answer: It is not accepted, and many forms of it are illegal in Australia; Online abuse is not accepted in Australia. Examples include sharing sexual photos or videos online without consent, stalking a person online, or making racially abusive comments about a person online. Many forms of cyber abuse are illegal.
What is Australia's position on religious intolerance?: Correct answer: It is not acceptable in Australian society; Religious intolerance is not acceptable in Australian society. All people should be provided equal opportunity to pursue their goals and interests regardless of their ethnicity or religion, as long as they obey Australian law.
Under Australian law, how are people of different faiths treated?: Correct answer: Buddhists and people of all other faiths receive the same treatment as Christians; The law is applied so that people from different backgrounds are not given preferential treatment, nor discriminated against. For example, Buddhists and people of all other faiths receive the same treatment as Christians.
Under Australian values of equality of opportunity, can a woman be given a job ahead of a man?: Correct answer: Yes — it is a right for a woman to get a job ahead of a man if she has better qualifications and skills; It is against the law to discriminate against a person because of their gender. In Australia, it is a right for a woman to get a job ahead of a man if she has better qualifications and skills. A job should go to the person with the best skills and experience.
What must applicants for Australian citizenship undertake to do about the English language, if it is not their native language?: Correct answer: Make reasonable efforts to learn the English language; Australian society values English as the national language and an important unifying element. Applicants for Australian citizenship must undertake to make reasonable efforts to learn the English language, if it is not their native language.

Read the Values study guide →Practise Values →

5. Rights and Responsibilities

Study guide

Which of the following is a responsibility of an Australian citizen?: Correct answer: To obey the laws of Australia; As an Australian citizen you must obey the laws of Australia. This is one of the core responsibilities of citizenship.
In which of these must Australian citizens aged 18 or over vote?: Correct answer: In federal and state or territory elections, and in a referendum; It is a responsibility for Australian citizens aged 18 years or over to vote in federal and state or territory elections, and in a referendum.
Which of these is a responsibility of Australian citizens, should the need arise?: Correct answer: To defend Australia; A responsibility of Australian citizens is to defend Australia should the need arise. While service in the Australian Defence Force is voluntary, all citizens should be committed to defending the nation if necessary.
If you are called to serve on a jury, what should you do?: Correct answer: Attend, because jury service is a responsibility of citizens; Jury service, if requested, is a responsibility for Australian citizens aged 18 years or over. A jury listens to the evidence in a court case and decides whether a person is guilty or not guilty.
Which of these is a privilege that Australian citizenship gives you?: Correct answer: The right to apply for an Australian passport and re-enter Australia freely; As an Australian citizen you have the privilege to apply for an Australian passport and, when travelling overseas, to return to Australia freely without the need for a visa.
What kind of help can an Australian citizen seek from an Australian official while overseas?: Correct answer: Consular assistance in times of need, such as emergencies; Australian citizens can ask for consular assistance from an Australian official while overseas, including help in emergencies such as civil unrest, natural disasters, accidents or serious illness.
Australian citizens can apply for what, for their child born overseas?: Correct answer: Australian citizenship by descent; Australian citizens can apply for their child born overseas to become an Australian citizen by descent.
Which of these jobs is a privilege of Australian citizenship to apply for?: Correct answer: A job in the Australian Public Service or the Australian Defence Force; A privilege of Australian citizenship is to apply for a job in the Australian Public Service or the Australian Defence Force (the Army, Navy and Air Force).
Who can seek election to parliament?: Correct answer: Australian citizens aged 18 or over who are not dual citizens; Australian citizens who are aged 18 years or over, and who are not dual citizens, can seek election to parliament at the federal, state or territory level.
What is a referendum?: Correct answer: A vote to change the Australian Constitution; A referendum is a vote to change the Australian Constitution. Voting in a referendum is compulsory for Australian citizens aged 18 years or over.
At what age does voting become a responsibility for Australian citizens?: Correct answer: 18 years or over; Voting in federal and state or territory elections, and in a referendum, is a responsibility for Australian citizens aged 18 years or over.
In the Australian Citizenship Pledge, what do new citizens promise?: Correct answer: Loyalty to Australia and its people, sharing its democratic beliefs, respecting its rights and liberties, and upholding and obeying its laws; In the pledge, you commit your loyalty to Australia and its people, whose democratic beliefs you share, whose rights and liberties you respect, and whose laws you will uphold and obey.
Is paying tax required of people living in Australia?: Correct answer: Yes, paying tax is required by law; Paying tax is an important way you contribute to the community and is required by law. Tax is collected by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) and funds services such as healthcare, education, defence and roads.
Can an Australian citizen also hold the citizenship of another country?: Correct answer: Yes, if the laws of the other country allow it (dual or multiple citizenship); Australian citizens may also hold the citizenship of another country or countries if the laws of those countries allow. This is known as dual, or multiple, citizenship. They must still follow all Australian laws.
Which of these can an Australian citizen do that a permanent resident cannot?: Correct answer: Vote in federal elections and apply for an Australian passport; Voting in elections, applying for an Australian passport, seeking election to parliament and applying for jobs in the Australian Public Service or Defence Force are privileges of citizenship that permanent residents do not have.
What must you do before you can vote in a federal election?: Correct answer: Enrol on the electoral roll; Citizens aged 18 years or over must enrol to vote. If you are not correctly enrolled on the electoral roll, you are not able to vote in an election.
What is the role of a jury in Australia's court system?: Correct answer: To decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty; A jury is a group of ordinary Australians who listen to the evidence in a court case and decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty. In a criminal trial, if the jury finds a person guilty, the judge decides the penalty.
Is service in the Australian Defence Force compulsory?: Correct answer: No — service is voluntary, but defending Australia should the need arise is a responsibility; Service in the Australian Defence Force is voluntary. However, a responsibility of Australian citizens is to defend Australia should the need arise.
What do you receive at your Australian citizenship ceremony?: Correct answer: A Certificate of Australian Citizenship; At the citizenship ceremony you make the Australian Citizenship Pledge and receive your Certificate of Australian Citizenship. Everyone sings 'Advance Australia Fair', the national anthem.
When an Australian citizen is in another country, whose laws must they obey?: Correct answer: The laws of that country (and some Australian laws still apply too); When in another country, you must obey the laws of that country. Some Australian laws must also be followed by Australian citizens even when they are overseas.
How can an Australian citizen actively participate in society?: Correct answer: By volunteering, joining community organisations and taking part in political life; Active citizens help shape Australia's future — for example by joining local community organisations, volunteering for social and community work, joining cultural organisations, and participating in political life.
Voting in which type of election may not be compulsory in some states?: Correct answer: Local government (council) elections; Voting is compulsory in federal and state or territory elections, but it may not be compulsory to vote in local government (council) elections in some states.
Which agency collects tax from the money people earn in Australia?: Correct answer: The Australian Taxation Office (ATO); Paying tax is an important way you contribute to the community and is required by law. Tax is paid out of the money you earn — from a job, business or investments — and is collected by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).
Which of these services are paid for by the taxes Australians pay?: Correct answer: Government-funded healthcare and education, defence, roads and railways, and social security; Many of the benefits Australians enjoy are made possible through taxes. Taxes are spent on services including government-funded healthcare and education, defence, roads and railways, and social security.
Why is voting compulsory in Australian elections?: Correct answer: To make sure the people have a say in who will govern and represent them; Compulsory voting is a way to make sure that the people have a say in who will govern and represent them in parliament. By voting, citizens have a say in how Australia is governed.
What may happen if you do not vote in an election and do not have a good reason?: Correct answer: You may have to pay a fine; Voting is compulsory in Australian elections. If you do not vote in an election and do not have a good reason for not voting, you may have to pay a fine.
What does holding an Australian passport allow a citizen to do when returning from overseas?: Correct answer: Re-enter Australia freely, without the need for a visa; When you become an Australian citizen, you have the right to live freely in Australia and the privilege of applying for an Australian passport. If you travel overseas as an Australian citizen, you are free to return to Australia without the need for a visa.
Which three branches make up the Australian Defence Force?: Correct answer: The Army, the Navy and the Air Force; Australian citizens have the right to apply for a job in the Australian Defence Force, which is made up of the Army, Navy and Air Force.
If you applied for a job in the Australian Public Service, which kind of organisation might you work for?: Correct answer: An Australian Government body such as Services Australia or the Australian Taxation Office; A privilege of Australian citizenship is to apply for a job in the Australian Public Service and work for the Australian Government — for example, in Services Australia or the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).
How can an Australian citizen raise concerns about government policy?: Correct answer: By contacting their elected representative; Australian citizens can contact their elected representative to raise concerns about government policy. If a citizen suggests a law needs to be changed, the elected representative should consider what has been suggested.
Australian citizens can be called to serve on a jury if they are on which list?: Correct answer: The electoral roll; Jury service is a responsibility for Australian citizens aged 18 years or over. Australian citizens who are on the electoral roll can be called to serve on a jury, which helps ensure the court system is open and fair.
Which levels of government collect taxes to pay for services in Australia?: Correct answer: The Australian Government, state and territory governments, and local councils; By working and paying taxes, you support the government to provide important services. The Australian Government, as well as state and territory governments and local councils, all collect taxes to pay for services.

Read the Rights study guide →Practise Rights →